Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica MCM-41

Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 Results and Discussions The present study included the synthesis of mesoporous silica MCM-41 and its modification by impregnation of different metals on the mesoporous to enhance the photocatalytic activity of metals i.e Cu/MCM-41, Fe/MCM-41, CeO2/MCM-41. FTIR analysis of catalyst MCM-41 has the ability to impregnate numerous metals on its surface. MCM-41 was modified with metal salts in order to dope the metals on the surface of mesoporous material was characterized by FTIR analysis. The FT-IR spectra furnished the information about the incorporation of metals on the surface of MCM-41. The FT-IR spectra of synthesized material in the region of 4000 400 cm-1 in transmission mode using platinium ATR, a single reflection sampling module spectrophotometr, and shown in Fig. 5. The uncalcined MCM41 and calcined MCM41 spectra (Fig. 5A. a, b) show intense band at wavenumber 1100 and 802 cm-1 which accounts for the asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the Si-O-Si bonds, respectively.[i] The bands at 970 cm-1 and 460 cm-1 was assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of surface Si-O- groups respectively.[ii] The sharp peaks at 2864.72cm-1 and 2922.14 cm-1 were due to the presence of surfactant before calcinations of MCM-41.[iii] For calcined MCM41, the bands at 2852 cm-1 and 2921 cm-1 corresponding to the long chain of alkyl group of the surfactant molecules were disappeared after calcination shows the completely removal of surfactants molecules. The differences of the intensities of the peaks in the FT-IR spectra of MCM-41 and MCM-41/ CeO2, are abserved which resulted from the doping of CeO2. A strong absorption peak at 1,632 cm−1 is observed in the spectra of MCM-41/CeO2, and it indicates the formation of Ce-O-Ce.[iv] About copper and iron also add TGA analysis of MCM-41: XRD analysis of MCM-41: Photocatalytic studies by using the metal dopped MCM-41: The metal dopped MCM-41 was studied for the photocatalytic degradation of commonly used pharmaceutics including salts of diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NAID)) and atorvastatin (antihyper lipoproteinemic drug). For this purpose the solutions od these drugs were prepared and degradation potential of metal dopped mesoporous silicate was studied by optimizing various parameters i.e the amount of catalyst, the pH, the light, substrate concentration, metal loading on MCM-41. Effect of pH The interaction between the pharmaceutics and metal dopped mesoporous are dependent on the pH of the solution therefore the optimization of pH is important to achieve maximum degradation efficiency. During the present study, the degradation process was optimized by changing the pH from 3.5 to 10.5 over 10 wt% M/MCM-41(M= Cu, Fe, Ce) with 1 g l_1 of 0.114 mM drug solution. The pH of the pharmaceutic solution is adjusted with 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 3d. At acidic pH, the rate of degradation is faster as compared to high and neutral pH. The results clearly show that acidic pH is ideal for the degradation of the pharmaceutics. Effect of light intensity on degradation of pharmaceutic: The photolysis of pharmaceutic was studied under UV irradiation and dark. The log natural decay curves (In Ct/Co) of pharmaceutic versus irradiation time were displayed in (Fig. 3-5). The data for dark control samples were also elaborated in Fig. 6. Photodegradation of diclofenac sodium and atorvastatin under UV light in distilled water and methanol respectively were determined during the summer season (March-september) as displayed in Fig.3. The determined half life of 50 ppm diclofenac sodium in distilled water under UV light was 2.5h and in dark it was observed as 3 h. The rate of reaction varied from 2.8Ãâ€"10-3 to 2.3Ãâ€"10-3 when pharmaceutic was shifted from UV light to dark. Effect of metal loading on MCM-41 The effect of metal loading over MCM-41 on the photocatalytic activity is investigated and the results are shown in Fig. 2a. The degradation studies are carried out with increase of metal (wt%)5, 10 and 15 using 1 g l_1 of catalyst amount in 50 ml pharmaceutics solution. It is observed that 5–10 wt% increase in metal loadings, the photocatalytic activity increases and there is not much degradation rate at higher loadings. Among all the catalysts, 10 wt% M/MCM- 41 (M= Cu, Fe and Ce) showed most efficient photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutics i.e., complete degradation within 90 min. The loss in the activity with increase in metal percent loading is due to the excess amount of metal oxide dispersed over MCM-41 that blocks the mesopores results a decrease in adsorption capacity. The turbidity of the solution also blocks penetration of light into the solution. Thus, the metal loading over the support clearly shows that one has to optimize the metal content, simultaneously re taining the active sites for adsorption in order to achieve the effective synergism. Effect of catalyst amount To optimize the amount of catalyst required for effective pharmaceutic photocatalytic degradation, different catalyst amounts (0.25–1.5 g l_1) are studied with 10 wt% M/MCM-41 and the results are shown in Fig. 3a. It is observed that 1.0 g l_1 is found to be the optimum. By increasing 0.25– 1.0 g l_1, the photocatalytic activity is increased and at higher contents the activity is not beneficial. This may be due to the fact that higher amount of the catalyst is obstructing the path of light penetration into the solution (i.e., scattering of light) thus reducing the OH radicals formation. Effect of substrate concentration The effect of 0.094, 0.1571 and 0.2829 mM pharmaceutics concentrations are performed over 10 wt% M/MCM-41 catalyst with 1 g l_1 amount for degradation. From Fig. 3b, it is observed that at lower concentrations, the adsorption is more compared to higher concentrations. There is a slight difference in degradation at 0.094, 0.1571 mM concentrations in comparison to 0.2829 mM. Also, it is acknowledged that the degradation is solely depends on the OH radical formation. The production of OH radicals is not sufficient in comparison to the amount of pharmaceutic adsorbed on the surface of the photocatalyst at higher concentrations. In view of this it suggests that, there should be equilibrium between adsorption of reactant molecules and OH radicals generated from the active sites. The 0.1571 mM concentration of pharmaceutic is found to be optimum for 10 wt% M/MCM-41 catalyst using 1 g l_1 amount. The experimental kinetic data are presented in Fig. 3c (inset) and in Table 1, along with time r equired for 50% degradation (t1/2) for each of the fitted lines. The degradation rate of pharmaceutic is decreased while increasing the concentration. The rate constant ‘k’ decreases with increase in initial concentration of drug. The effect of initial concentration of pharmaceutic on the photocatalytic degradation rate is described by pseudo-first order kinetics. The apparent rate constant for 0.114 mM IPU over 10 wt% TiO2/Al-MCM- 41 catalyst is 0.072 min_1 (R2 = 0.994). In the present investigation, 0.1571 mM concentration is found to be the optimum for degradation studies. [i] E.M. Flanigen, H. Khatami, H.A. Szymanski, (1971), Infrared structural studies of zeolite frameworks. In: E.M. Flanigen, L.B. Sand (Eds.). Molecular Sieve Zeolites. ACS Adv. Chem. Ser., 101: pp 201-227. [ii] E.M. Flanigen, H. Khatami, H.A. Szymanski, (1971), Infrared structural studies of zeolite frameworks. In: E.M. Flanigen, L.B. Sand (Eds.). Molecular Sieve Zeolites. ACS Adv. Chem. Ser., 101: pp 201-227. [iii] Taib, I.N., Endud, S., Katun, M.N Functionalization of mesoporous Si-MCM-41 by grafting with trimethylchlorosilane, International journal of chemistry, 3: 3(2011). [iv] Song, X, Qu, P, Jiang, N, Yang, H, Qiu, G: Synthesis and characterization of MCM-41 materials assembled with CeO2 nanoparticles. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 313–314, 193–196 (2008)

Explain the Centrality of the Dreaming and Its Importance for Aboriginal Spirituality

Explain the centrality of the Dreaming and its importance for Aboriginal spirituality. The Aboriginal Dreaming refers to the religious and spiritual beliefs of the aboriginal people of Australia. The dreaming is what they base their traditional lives around, the dreaming determines their values and beliefs and their relationships with the animals, plants and environment around them. The Dreaming tells the stories that explain their views and beliefs on how the world came to be and its history and the totems which represent each historical factor of the dreaming. The dreaming stories explain how the Spirit Ancestors made the trees, rocks, waterholes, and rivers, mountains and stars as well as the animals and plants, and which spirits represent each of these things along with the other living features in the land. Views on life and death: The aboriginal people believe that there is no heaven or hell after death they believe that they came from the land and once they die they return to the land. Their belief system is based on past, present and future. The past makes it possible to live in the present, and without the past or present there is no future. There are two types of dreaming: ‘the’ dreaming and ‘my’ dreaming, the dreaming is the history but my dreaming is the connection to a life form or totem eg. Crocodile or eagle which connects ‘my’ dreaming to ‘the’ dreaming because of those totems being symbols in ancient rituals. Dreaming stories: The Dreaming stories are of great importance to the aboriginal people in terms of the dreaming because they are the history books verbally, they tell the stories in detail of how the earth came to be from the ancestors and spirits who created the land who created them. The dreaming stories tell what each spirit was able to create and how it happened for example the rainbow serpent or how the moon got in the sky. These stories have been passed on for millions of generations. These stories were either told by the elders or were found in the aboriginal are of cave painting, these cave paintings had the same effect as the spoken, these traditional art forms also tell a story of how something came to be from the spirits and the ancestors. Rituals and ceremonies: The aboriginal people believe that in performing rituals such as carobories tells stories of the spirits forming into what they represent such as the emu or kangaroo. These sacred dances are performed on the coming of age ceremonies and many other significant occasions. The sites where these ceremonies are performed are sacred and can only be accessed by certain groups, women and elders and only for the purpose of initiation. Aboriginal art: The traditional aboriginal art depicts places, events and dreaming ancestors, also incorporating actual events, whereas the temporary was only for initiation ceremonies and funerals. The aboriginal art opens up ways of communicating the close relationship between the ancestral beings and the laws, views, values, ceremonies and obligations of the people. They enable understanding and knowledge within a community and also partcially the outside world. Connections with the land: The land is the centre of aboriginal spirituality, it is the core of their religion. The land is the people and the people are the land. The land is where they believe the ancestors are. To aboriginals their â€Å"god† is not one singular god up in the sky but many ancestors that are part of the earth and formed and are part of everything natural that is seen today. They believe that the ancestors came through the earth and formed mountains and ridges, rivers and lakes, the sky and the dirt, they are everything and the land is their form of communication with the people, they live in a symbiotic relationship. The land dwells from them and they dwell from the land, they work together to keep the other alive and strong. In conclusion, the centrality of the aboriginal dreaming and its importance to the people is based on the land, the rituals and cerimonies, the understanding that they have a strong relationship with the ancestors and the basis of past, present and future. These are all important because they are the basis of life for the aboriginal people and without this they would not live the traditional lifestyle with all the same customs, they would have no dreaming and no core beliefs that give them the power to respect their land. Resources: Class notes. Previous knowledge. Living religion- third edition. Jannet Movissey, Peter mudge, Adam Taylor, Greg Bailey, Paul Rule. Pearsons education Australia; 2005. Pgs. 11-19.

Black Men and Public Space in America - 1804 Words

Black Men and Public Space: An Agent of Change African-American men and white men are born and raised within the continental U.S.; each of their own faculty empowered to change the social injustice of a society. The innate qualities of the African American do not compare to those of the white man, yet - â€Å"empowered† they are with character. The foundation for the concept –â€Å"character† is best defined as â€Å"holistic,† meaning of physical, mental and social qualities – A. Adler’s school of thought, as well as A. Maslow and C. Rogers’ thoughts –â€Å"[a]n equal human being†¦ cognitive, emotional, and volitional† (Ambrus, 33 -34) Jennifer Ritterhouse, author of Growing Up Jim Crow: How Black and White Southern Children Learned Race, explains that†¦show more content†¦This upward mobility is described by Marlon B. Ross in the article, Manning the Race: Reforming Black Men in the Jim Crow Era; persona â€Å"[a]s a reactive identity overdetermined by the hegemony of white masculinity or as a parallel, if marginalized, cultural formation mimetically patterned on white masculinity.† (Clarke, 456) Staples’ behavior resembles a person who is projecting himself in the direction of upward mobility. The difference is that, unlike the white man, Staples says that he â€Å"[t]akes precautions to make [himself] less threatening.† (231) A parallel to Staples’ upward mobility is a typical young white man at high school projecting masculinity. Related to it is upward mobility mastery in a study by Nicolas W. Proctor. In June 2007, at South West High School in Minneapolis, MN, the counselor for students H-Z had stepped out of his office. Since he was out and the door was open, I waited in his office for him to return. The second person to enter the room was a young ethnic student; she sat down beside me. 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MCDONALD Last Name Meaning and Origin

McDonald is a common Scottish patronymic surname meaning son of Donald, a given name meaning world ruler, from the Gaelic Mac Dhamhnuill. McDonald is probably the most famous of the Scottish clan surnames. In Scotland the McDonald surname derived most often from Scottish settlers who arrived in to the Province of Ulster in the seventeenth century. It may also be an anglicization of MacDomhnall, although the McDonnell or ODonnell spelling is more often seen in that instance. Surname Origin:  Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings: MACDONALD, MCDONNELL, MACDONELL, MCDONNALD Where in the World Is the MCDONALD Surname Found? According to WorldNames public profiler, the McDonald surname is most common in Australia, followed by Ireland and New Zealand. The surname distribution maps at Forebears puts the greatest density of people with the McDonald surname in Grenada, followed by Jamaica, Scotland, the Bahamas, and Australia. In 1881 Scotland, the McDonald surname was most common in Inverness-shire. In 1901, it was the 11th most common surname in County Carlow, Ireland. Famous People with the Surname MCDONALD: Michael McDonald -  American singer and songwriterFreda Josephine McDonald - American entertainer and dancer, best known by her married name Josephine BakerRamsay MacDonald -  first Labor Party prime minister of Great BritainFlora MacDonald -  Jacobite patriot who protected Bonnie Prince Charlie after the Battle of CullodenJohn A. MacDonald - first Prime Minister of Canada ​Genealogy Resources for the Surname MCDONALD Clan Donald USAA nationwide organization of nearly 4,000 families who trace their ancestry to any of the branches of Clann Domhnaill.   McDonald Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the McDonald surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own McDonald surname query. McDonald Family DNA ProjectThis Y-DNA project includes nearly 2,000 MacDonalds (including variant spellings such as MacDaniel and MacDanold) interested in using DNA and genealogy research to trace their ancestry in Scotland or Ireland. FamilySearch - MCDONALD GenealogyExplore over 8.2 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the McDonald surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MCDONALD Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the McDonald surname. DistantCousin.com - MCDONALD Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name McDonald. The McDonald Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the McDonald surname from the website of Genealogy Today. -- Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings -- Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York:  Oxford University Press, 2003. MacLysaght, Edward.  Surnames of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Development And Proliferation Of The European Union

Due to their permeability, national boundaries (symbolic, not physical) have been constantly reconstructed, reshaped and remodelled in order to accommodate the endless flows of information coming from foreign sources, thus allowing the formation of a global society which is no longer defined by ideological, historical or geographical boundaries. This can lead to a phenomenon which can be best described as a â€Å"borderless world† (Allen Hamnett, 1995, cited in Chan and McIntyre, 2002, xv), with prime examples being the European Union, which promotes the values of freedom, equality and unity between its citizens, and, more specifically, the Schengen Area, whose member states have abolished passport and border controls between them altogether.†¦show more content†¦Transnational agents penetrate the symbolic boundaries of a state by means of mediated communication, satellite and cultural flows, therefore making the nation-states vulnerable in the face of globalization, and consequently, lose their autonomous power (Chan and McIntyre, 2002, xvii). The interconnectedness created by globalization results not only in diversity among cultures, but also in the hybridization of those cultures that now coexist under the veil of â€Å"The Golden Digital Époque†. When one considers the field of international communication, or cross-cultural communication, and the interconnectedness that comes with it, the first culture determinant that comes to mind is â€Å"language†. Language is a crucial factor in the development of worldwide communication, the process of â€Å"glocalization† notwithstanding, because it enables its audience to understand the message conveyed in a way that is common to all. Nowadays, the majority of international news or media products are produced in an English cultural milieu on the grounds that the language is taught in schools all around the world from an early age and is regarded as a foreign language of international circulation - BBC, CNN, Fox News Channel are among the channels which convey international and local news in their own language and which

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc Free Essays

string(93) " to buy microprocessors from both AMD and Intel for its Cobalt server \(Robertson 2001, 3\)\." Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. is ranked as the as the world†s second largest PC chipmaker with a market share of just 17%, far behind Intel Corp. with 81% of the market (Buckman and Williams 2001, 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Micro Devices, Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, in 2000 AMD†s sales jumped 63% to $4.6 billion, producing $983 million in net income and its first profitable year since 1995 (Streetwalker 2001, 1). AMD owns engineering, manufacturing, warehousing and administrative facilities where it produces not only PC chips but also microprocessors, memory circuits, logic circuits, flash memory devices, telecommunication products and embedded processors (Moody†s 2000, 2520). The company†s headquarters and research and development site are located in Sunnyvale, CA, while the wafer manufacturing plants are located in Austin, TX and Dresden, Germany. The test and assembly facilities are located in Bangkok, Thailand and Penang, Malaysia. The company has also established production at the Singapore†s test and assembly facility as well as an analysis and design plant in Suzhou, China. In addition, a new plant in Japan, a joint venture of AMD and Fujitsu, called AMD Fujitsu Semiconductor Ltd. or FASB, will begin operations in the first half of 2001 (Dum 2000, 2). AMD, like many technological multinational enterprises (MNE), prefers to locate its factories and assembly plants in technology clusters in stable and democratic countries. However, AMD knows that East Asia is one of the best places for setting up factories because of cheap wages, stable countries, proximity to suppliers and potentially large markets. In fact, six out of AMD†s nine facilities are located in East Asia and employ approximately 5,600 people. The company†s consolidated global position produces a very interesting case. This paper will analyze AMD†s international operations, competitors, alliances, legal problems, and its relationship with stakeholders. In addition, the recent meltdown in high-tech stocks and the reduction of PC sales are provoking the semiconductor industry to diversify its business. This analysis will consider the consequences of this problem and the resulting changes in AMD†s corporate business strategies. The personal computer microprocessor market is considered a quasi-monopolistic market in which the largest corporate buyers such as Dell Computer Corp., Compaq Computer Corp., Hewlett Packard Co. and IBM Corp buy almost solely from Intel Corp. (Mathew 2001, 1). For this reason, AMD has had difficulty introducing its microprocessors into the market. For example, in January 1994, AMD and Compaq Computers Corp. formed an alliance in which AMD Am486 microprocessors would power Compaq computers (AMD 2001, 2). Between 1994 and 2001 AMD was not able to convince another large PC vendor to buy its microprocessors. However, in January 2001 AMD got its first contract with a major PC vendor, Micron Electronics Inc., to supply the Athlon microprocessor for the Micro Electronics† ClientPro product line (Konicki 2001, 2). In the same month, AMD also contracted to supply and introduce its first version of the Duron microprocessor for laptops to NEC Corp., Japan (Duron chips for laptops†¦ 2001, 1) In addition, while Intel launched the Pentium IV at the end of 2000, AMD took advantage of the transition from Pentium III to IV to try to convince several of the largest corporate buyers, which were comparing the new Intel†s Pentium IV and AMD†s Athlon, to switch to AMD†s Athlon microprocessors. Although AMD could not change any of the corporate buyers† minds, the company did prove that the Athlon microprocessor is faster, more reliable and cheaper than Intel†s Pentium IV (Letters 2001, 3). This failure was frustrating for AMD, but this is the price a firm has to pay when attempting to enter a competitor†s market. Clearly, Intel has the first-in advantage, although AMD has a better quality portfolio with a cheaper price. However, sooner or later this trend must change because Intel†s marketing cannot hide this reality. Some laboratories have tested both AMD Athlon and Intel Pentium IV and have concluded that while Intel†s Pentium IV is not worth what it costs, AMD†s Athlon costs what it is worth. Thus, AMD does not have to attract customers by resorting to rebates and discount programs, as Intel has to do. Another weapon Intel has is to cut processor prices. In any case, Intel does not want to lose any market share, and AMD wants to get more, so the rivalry and price war will certainly continue this year. They both know that in competitive markets, a market share lost by one company is a market share gained by the competitor. As a result, both companies are preparing to compete with one another. In fact, both AMD and Intel have increased their capital spending for 2001 by about 20% to $1 billion and $7.5 billion respectively, although PC sales growth is expected to slip to 16.6% worldwide, down from 18.8% in 2000 (Hannon 2001, 1). AMD realized that it must diversify in order to maintain its growth rate. The AMD and Fujitsu Ltd. venture, FASB, which includes joint technological development and production of flash memory for cellular handsets, is one way to diversify. Together AMD and Fujitsu have 30% market share of the flash memories sold for cell phones. However, in the short-term FASB will not be able to supply enough flash cards to get a larger percentage of the handset market because of capacity limitations. Therefore, in the year 2000 Fujitsu converted several of its own plants to serve strictly as factories for the joint venture. FASB is also pushing as hard as it can to begin production in its new mega plant in Japan, if possible before June 2001. The main competitor in this market is again Intel, which has about 60% of the market share, so another price war may soon begin (Dum 2000, 2). Customers neither want to depend on only one supplier nor to contribute to Intel market dominance. They want to reduce the risk of insufficient supply of chips that occurred last year. Siemens is now buying flash-memory chips from both FASB and Intel (Accord is set†¦ 2001, 1). Besides Siemens, Sun Microsystems Inc. also decided to buy microprocessors from both AMD and Intel for its Cobalt server (Robertson 2001, 3). You read "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc" in category "Essay examples" In this market war neither AMD nor Intel have ever been very interested in making collaborating. However, AMD has developed other collaborations with many related companies:  · In 1987 AMD and Monolithic Memories Inc. agreed to merge.  · As mentioned earlier, in 1993 AMD started a joint venture with Fujitsu Ltd., Japan.  · AMD collaborated with LSI Logic Corp. and Texas Instruments Inc. to create integrated solutions for digital base band processors (Dum 2000, 2).  · AMD, Dupont Inc., Motorola and Micron Technology Inc. are involved in a joint venture in Texas in which they research and develop photomask technology for future generation semiconductors (Chappell 2000, 1).  · On February 14, 2001 AMD, stated that it will license technology to about 100 companies including Cisco Systems Inc., Nvidia Corp. and Fujitsu Ltd. The licenses do not charge a cash fee, but they swap intellectual property (New AMD system†¦ 2001, 1).  · AMD and Motorola have a strategic alliance to research the copper interconnect technology field.  · At present, AMD is looking for a partner to build in 2004 its first 300-mm factory costing about $4 billion (Advanced Micro is seeking†¦ 2001, 1). The usual warfare between AMD and Intel never seems to change, but analysts expect both firms to begin to collaborate soon. The small semiconductor players are now creating partnerships to improve their positions in the market. In fact, the microprocessor industry accounts for a lot of different technologies that no one company can have in-house (Dum 2000, 3) In the last quarter of 2000, sales of Duron, AMD†s low-cost processor, were not as strong because a chipset used with the microprocessor was not readily available. Therefore, AMD decided to plan for the future and began a two-year multimillion-dollar global SAP project to provide a just-in-time (JIT) inventory program. In addition, SAP tools such as financial, supply chain, production, logistics and e-business software, would give AMD and its suppliers and customers day to day information regarding the chipmaker†s production and supply chain. This project would benefit all three parties (AMD, suppliers and customers) by avoiding upturns and downturns in demand and supply (Konicki 2001, 2). As a technological sector firm, AMD is also deeply involved with the latest technology. For example, the company†s internal website provides employees plenty of information not only for learning purposes but also for safety purposes, such as radiation control, chemical issues, hazardous energy control and waste management issues. In each of the company†s local sites, the firm uses the latest technology in both the production area and in the corporate offices. Although in 1976 AMD and Intel signed a patent cross-license agreement, in the late 80s AMD initiated several arbitration actions against Intel (AMD 2001, 1). The reasons for these arbitrations were Intel†s quasi-monopolistic dominance of the microprocessor market and its unfair market behavior, as fact confirmed by many other companies. The most tedious arbitration action finished in February 1994 after five years of court disputes. The judge finally ruled against Intel and awarded AMD full rights to produce and sell the entire Am386 family of microprocessors (AMD 2001, 2). Besides another court case against Intel in 1994, AMD has never been in court again. Nevertheless, AMD continues to complain about Intel†s market behavior. For example, Intel pressured IBM to backtrack a notebook microprocessor order that IBM had already booked with AMD (Mathew 2001, 2). As a result, AMD lost the contract. The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) program provides a safe work place for employees, protects the environment, prevents damage to property, enhances employee morale and assures compliance with applicable laws and regulations worldwide. The program is disseminated from the main team to all AMD†s local sites. Then, local sites apply this information and provide different services to the stakeholders surrounding each site (AMD 1999, 1). Another task of the EHS department is to obtain the (ISO) 14001 certification from the International Organization for Standardization. By the end of 1999, AMD†s Bangkok facility had already been certified. All other AMD manufacturing facilities are expecting to achieve this certification before the end of 2001. The (ISO) 14001 certification develops standard methodology to recognize, identify, evaluate and control hazards in the workplace. The emphasis of this effort is intended to internalize those standards throughout the firm because they have not existed in the past. These standards are one way to improve the moral and physical well being of the workforce. The safety and health policy focuses on reducing occupational injury and illness rates company-wide. To achieve this goal, each local facility must establish:  · Engineering controls and tests such as leak detection, air monitoring and fire detection systems.  · Emergency preparedness plans to learn what to do in case of fire, hazardous material release, earthquake and other natural disasters. .  · Education empowerment at all personnel levels through the internal website and seminars. Moreover, AMD offers additional services in different sites such as:  · The Employee Development Center (EDC) in Bangkok, Thailand and Penang, China which has exercise rooms, fitness programs and relaxation rooms.  · The Repetitive Motion Injury (RMI) in Sunnyvale, CA specializes in adjusting the furniture and equipment to the needs of each individual at his or her workstation (AMD 1999, 17). The safety and health policy has had excellent results considering that in recent years less than three injury and illness cases out of every 100 employees have been reported. In the globalization era, AMD has to adapt to different cultural environments and incorporate different cultures in the organization. AMD operates in four continents, so its work force is a mix of people, cultures and customs. One can find an American working in a Singapore assembly plant or a Bolivian working in a factory in Dresden, Germany. This diversity creates an atmosphere of synergy and creativity that encourages every employee to do his or her best. The mix of cultures also facilitates the international communication between AMD†s locations, suppliers and customers. Under the universal employment policy and procedures that govern AMD†s practices worldwide, discrimination is not welcomed. Job applicants do not need to be concerned about age, color, ancestry, disability, religion, gender, sexual orientation, marital status or national origin (AMD 1999, 1). AMD also cares about employee morale and respect for individuals as well as individual†s values. The environmental policy is an important part of AMD†s EHS program performance. The firm focuses on multimedia pollution prevention and resource conservation. In the last couple of years the firm has not only reduced the amount of hazardous waste generation, electricity use and water consumption but also has enhanced a successful reuse and recycling program. To illustrate, in 1999, at the Dresden factory, its own energy center was able to generate more than 100% of the power the factory consumed. At the same time, the Dresden water recycling plant recycled 20% of the consumed water (AMD 1999, 10). Because of these and many other environmental accomplishments, AMD†s local sites have received several awards. The state of California has awarded AMD headquarters for its commitment to solid waste reduction and recycling programs for five consecutive years. The city of Austin, TX awarded AMD for its excellent compliance with wastewater treatment regulations. AMD†s globalization emphasis has made it possible to begin building supply chain environmental management. To accomplish this project, the AMD EHS department evaluates the worldwide chemical suppliers† EHS program and collects this information to select and evaluate existing suppliers. As AMD evaluates its suppliers, third-party firms also evaluate and audit AMD local sites. Six of the firm†s local sites that have been inspected, usually by local government environmental agencies, have not received any citations or violations. However, AMD headquarters has been inspected 13 times between 1996 and 1999. This location has received five citations related to labeling of hazardous waste. Two other sites that were inspected and received citations were the Suzhou assembly plant because of two releases of diesel fuel and the Dresden plant because of a phosphoric acid release (AMD 1999, 9-18). AMD resolved all issues to the satisfaction of the regulatory agencies without any fines. AMD has been committed to the communities in which it operates. The firm has also been a responsible and good neighbor that has involved the local communities in its corporate contribution programs. Some of the most important contributions done in 1999 directly by the AMD headquarters were; first, a cash gift of one percent of pretax profits to nonprofit agencies and schools that serve the communities where AMD operates and second, $1 million to the Taiwanese government because of the September 21st earthquake. On the other hand, each site contributes to its own community in different ways. For example, in 1999 AMD†s Bangkok site donated 200 computers to the community and cash to the Red Cross of Thailand to support a project that helps mothers with the AIDS virus. AMD Sunnyvale donated $600,000 to organizations and schools in the Sunnyvale area. In addition to financial donations, AMD†s workforce also participates in volunteer opportunities. Some examples are AMD†s Penang employees† blood donations to the Blood Bank Hospital of Penang and AMD†s Dresden EHS personnel factory tours and the monitoring of ecological projects with local schools (AMD 1999, 10-18). This analysis has attempted to prove that AMD has an efficient mechanism to run a global business. The firm not only was able to become a profitable company in the fourth quarter of 2000 but also proved that it can gain more market share from all the markets in which it does business. Moreover, AMD has been a good neighbor to the communities in which it functions, satisfying many stakeholders† desires. AMD†s positive overall performance assures the company a bright path for future growth in the global economy. How to cite Advanced Micro Devices, Inc, Essay examples

Sigmund Freud Essay Example For Students

Sigmund Freud Essay Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)Julissa TarrilloOctober 24, 2002Psychology 101Dr. J. K. DawotolaSigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg (now Pribor, Czech Republic). Freud was educated at Vienna University. Then him and his family moved to Leipzig from the anti-Semitic riots. His ambition in his childhood had been a career in law but then he decided to be medical student before he entered to Vienna University in 1873. After this he desire to study natural science and to solve challenging problems that confronted contemporary scientist. In his three year at Vienna University Freud began his research in central nervous system in the physiological lab under the direction of German Physician Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke. This type of feedback became common in Freuds free association sessions. What the patient talked about was not perfectly straight forward it was instead disguised. This disguising was common because it was a tool used buy the conscious in order to protect itself. Eventually these childhood experiences developed into the theory of the Oedipus complex. This complex meant that since a majority of a small child life is spent with just two parents, he forms an attraction to the opposite sex and a resentment towards the father. The Oedipus Complex in fact had strong support from Freuds own experiences. As a boy he had seen his own mother naked and had become sexually aroused. And also when his father died it stirred up memories of when he had hated his father and even imagined his death. He remarked, I have found a love of the mother and a jealously of the father in my own case too, and now believe it to be a general phenomenon of early childhood, even if it does not occur so early as in c hildren who have been made hysterics. Every child is faced with the task of mastering the ids urges for the incestual relations of the Oedipus, and failure to do so resulted in a basis for neurosis. However it could be argued that the feelings never leave but rather become repressed. Regardless, the Oedipus Complex became the basis of many of his theories and helped to make astonishing developments in the area of dream analysis. Freud once said that, Dreams are the royal road to he unconscious. What he ment by this is that when we dream our conscious releases its guard and we can explore our inner mysteries. He discovered that every dream has some sort of wish fullfillment. These wishes are something repressed by the conscious and only come out in disguise. In believed that our bodies had an alert system where in the day it is on and cautious but at night it turns off. However sometimes it remains slightly on and if it catches a thought slipping by it immediately sends impulses to the brain waking up the individual. The dreams he analyzed consisted of two parts, a latent and a manifest. The manifest was the obvious and the latent was the hidden and mysterious. A dream that he experienced when he was seven uses these parts. In his dream he saw his grandfather in his mothers bed which was being carried by bird men. After thinking about this many year later he came to the realization that the dead grandfather r epresented his resentment and jealousy to his father; his mothers bed represented his sexual feeling towards her; and the bird men was from a conversation he had with a local boy and the Egyptian birds he had learned about in church. He also discovered that external forces could effect a dream. In several studies he would put cologne in front of a patient and they dreamed they were in Cairo acting as a hero, and in another incident a man dreamed of a bright glow when in reality his baby was on fire in the next room.